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PD-GD型鑄鐵熱分析儀(來自于歐洲
PD-GD型鑄鐵熱分析儀(來自于歐洲,)
概述: PD-GD鑄鐵熱分析儀是的系統(tǒng),通過同步分析,爐內(nèi)(原鐵水),包內(nèi)和澆注位(終鐵水)鑄鐵合金的溫度和一切導(dǎo)數(shù),冷卻曲線,PD-GD能夠找到金屬潛在的弱點(diǎn),為產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量控制提供意見,PD-GD能夠通過樣品分析確定共晶鑄鐵,亞共晶鑄鐵,過共晶鑄鐵的冷卻曲線,這對(duì)識(shí)別相關(guān)的參數(shù)非常重要,如:化學(xué)成分,機(jī)械性能,金相組織,縮松概率,縮孔概率,滲碳體和石墨形成等冶金參數(shù).
介紹
Introduction
鑄鐵凝固是一種復(fù)雜的化學(xué)- - 物理過程 ; 受到 很多因素 的影響, 這些因素由于技術(shù)或者成本上的原因鑄造廠不能總是控制和進(jìn)行調(diào)整 。
Cast-iron solidification is a complex chemical-physical process; influenced by a high number of variables that foundrymen cannot always control and adjust at will, for technical and also for cost reasons.
例如,由于原材料占鑄造成本的近 40 %,鑄造廠更注重評(píng)估每種不同類型的成本和效益。
For example, as raw materials account for almost 40% of casting costs, foundries take great care to assess the costs and benefits of each different type.
與通常認(rèn)識(shí)相反,簡(jiǎn)單地控制合金的化學(xué)成分遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,因?yàn)檫€必須監(jiān)測(cè)其成核狀態(tài)和不同的凝固階段。
Contrary to common belief, simply controlling the chemical composition of the alloy is far from sufficient because its nucleation state and various solidification phases must also be monitored.
讓我們假設(shè)您正在一個(gè)“理想”的鑄造廠工作,在那里您可以購買生鐵和鋼,其中含有鑄鐵凝固的理想成分,大批量生產(chǎn)以避免需要停產(chǎn)換模具,流體鑄造,恒定的澆注重量等。即使在您理想的鑄造廠中,該過程也永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)受到控制,因?yàn)檫€有其他 變化因素 ,例如周末停,系統(tǒng)故障以及鑄造開始和結(jié)束之間的溫差。
Let’s assume for a moment that you are working in an ‘ideal’ foundry, where you can purchase the best pig iron and steel containing the ideal elements for cast-iron solidification, with long series production to avoid stops to change patterns, fluid casting, constant mould weight, etc. Even in your ideal foundry the process will never be entirely under control because there are other variables, such as weekend stops, system faults, and temperature differences between the beginning and end of casting.
這就是為什么鑄件有時(shí)會(huì)有缺陷的原因,盡管 表面上 是用 生產(chǎn)合格鑄件 相同的鐵 水 澆注。
This is why castings are sometimes defective despite having been apparently poured with the same iron that produced satisfactory pieces.
在這種情況下,您可以嘗試通過一 個(gè)費(fèi)時(shí)、 昂貴的調(diào)查步驟來追溯問題的原因,這些分
析在查明原因時(shí)并不總是成功的。
In situations like this you can attempt to trace back the cause of the problem through a long, costly series ofinvestigatory steps, which are not always successful in pinpointing the reason.
另外 ,鑄鐵凝固熱分析是 一個(gè) 幫助鑄造廠的非常有用的工具。
Alternatively, cast iron solidification thermal analysis is a very useful tool for aiding the foundryman.
熱分析的使用
Using thermal analysis
熱分析工具能夠讓技術(shù)人員以合理的方式仔細(xì)檢查鑄鐵凝固的趨勢(shì),從下游工藝( 例如 從澆注)一直到熔化開始。然后對(duì)各個(gè) 工藝 步驟進(jìn)行 調(diào)整 ,直到達(dá)到正常。這就像在你家附近流動(dòng)的溪流 看到了 顏色 變化 ,分析樣品并發(fā)現(xiàn)它含有污染物。解決方案就是一直順著河 流,一直到問題的根源。
The most modern thermal analysis tools allow technicians to scrutinise the trends of cast iron solidification in a logical manner working back from the downstream process (i.e. from the pouring) all the way up to the start of melting.Changes are then made to the various process steps until normality is achieved. This is like seeing a stream flowing near your house change colour, analysing a sample and discovering that it contains pollutants. The solution is to follow the stream, all the way to the source.
使用熱分析在鑄造廠中也可以進(jìn)行相同的操作,通過檢查澆注爐或澆包中的鐵 水, 然后追溯到 整個(gè)工藝過程,直到 熔 煉 爐 。
The same can be done in a foundry using thermal analysis by checking the iron in the pouring furnace or pouring ladle and then tracing the entire process back to the melting furnaces.
你會(huì)遇到什么情況?
What scenarios might you encounter?
沿著水流的路上,你可能會(huì)看到一個(gè)污染水源的工廠,或者靠近水源的一個(gè)水壩讓水停滯變得渾濁。
Working your way back up the stream, you may see a factory which is polluting the water, or a dam near the source that makes the water stagnate turning it murky.
在鑄造廠中,事情要復(fù)雜一些。您可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn):
Matters are a little more complicated in a foundry. You may discover:
? 過高 或太低的殘留 鎂 ;
? 熔爐中硫含量過 高 或過少 ;
? 過高的溫度 、 金屬 爐料或周末停產(chǎn) 造成的成核不足 ;
? 過量或缺乏 孕育;
? 鐵碳圖中的定位不正確 ;
? 過度的石墨膨脹 ; 要么太弱,要么太早 ;
? 亞穩(wěn)系 凝固,形成滲碳體和D-E 型石墨 ;
? 高 的 收縮和 縮松傾向 。
· ? excessive or lack of residual magnesium;
· ? either too much or too little sulphur in melting furnaces;
· ? lack of nucleation caused by excessively high temperatures, metallic charge or weekend stops;
· ? excessive or lack of inoculation;
· ? incorrect positioning in the iron-carbon diagram
· ? excessive graphitic expansion; either too weak or too early;
· ? metastable system solidification with formation of Cementite and D-E type graphite;
· ? high shrinkage and porosity tendency.
顯然,借助熱分析和光譜儀解決這些問題只需要良好的技術(shù)知識(shí)和豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
Obviously, intervening in these areas with the aid of thermal analysis and a spectrometer only requires good technical knowledge and lots of experience.
對(duì)于河流的情況,您可以致電技術(shù)人員凈化水并修復(fù)泄漏。同樣,鑄造廠可以依靠專業(yè)供應(yīng)商安裝的熱分析軟件,對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行正 確校準(zhǔn),并要求專業(yè)技術(shù)人員提供支持,以解釋冷卻曲線并 得到 必要 改進(jìn)措施建議。
In the case of the stream, you can call technical personnel to purify the water and repair the leak. Similarly,foundrymen can rely on expert suppliers to install state-of-the-art thermal analysis software, have the system correctly calibrated and ask for support by expert technical personnel for interpreting cooling curves and receiving indications for the necessary adjustments.
這需要根據(jù)產(chǎn)品類型、工藝類型和鑄造工藝流程進(jìn)行初始軟件校準(zhǔn),并按類別、鑄件類型、工藝類型等區(qū)分合金。
This requires initial software calibration according to production type, process type and foundry layout, and differentiating alloys by category, casting type, process type, etc.
為此,FASSMET 和 南京譜德儀器科技有限公司 合作提供PD-GD 熱分析軟件,并保證校準(zhǔn)程序,解釋結(jié)果和分析生產(chǎn)所需的 技術(shù)支持(圖1 )。
For this purpose, FASSMET and PUDEKJ have partnered up to supply PD-GD thermal analysis software and guarantee the technical support needed to calibrate the program, interpret results and analyses production in general(Figure 1).
冶金中的熱分析
Thermal analysis in metallurgy
PD-GD 軟件從樹脂砂制成的樣杯中接收來自K 型熱電偶的數(shù)據(jù)(圖2 和圖3 )。
The PD-GD software receives data from K-type thermocouples in sampling cups made of bonded sand (Figures 2 and3).
只需將少于400 克的鐵 水倒入這些樣杯 中,PD-GD 就可以計(jì)算和分析冷卻曲線及其在凝固過程中的一階導(dǎo)數(shù)(約250 秒)。
Simply pouring less than 400g of iron into these cups allows PD-GD to calculate and analyse the cooling curve and its first derivative during the solidification process (approx. 250 seconds).
冷卻曲線是溫度與時(shí)間的關(guān)系,從液相開始,在凝固開始之前,即從TLiquidus 溫度[TLiq] 開始,如果僅測(cè)量共晶轉(zhuǎn)變,在凝固完成時(shí)在1000 °C 結(jié)束,或者如果分 析共析轉(zhuǎn)變就在650°C (圖1. 冷卻曲線,溫度[Y 軸] 對(duì)時(shí)間[X 軸] )。
A cooling curve is the measurement of temperature versus time, starting from the liquid phase, before solidification begins, i.e. starting from the TLiquidus temperature [TLiq] and ending at 1000°C when solidification is complete ifmeasuring the eutectic transformation only, or at 650°C if analyzing the eutectoid transformation as well (Figure 1.Cooling curve, temperature [Y-axis] versus time [X-axis]).
一階導(dǎo)數(shù)表示冷卻速度隨時(shí)間的變化;這對(duì)于 析出和相變 的幾何計(jì)算至關(guān)重要。冷卻速度根據(jù)每相 析出所產(chǎn)生 的凝固潛熱而變化。例 如,在亞共晶鐵的情況下,“ 析出 ”的相是 初生 奧氏體,其 產(chǎn)生的 潛熱并因此減慢冷卻。當(dāng)所有的初生奧氏體“ 析出 ”時(shí),冷卻再次加速,直至下一次 析出 (共晶),再次減速。
The first derivative s the speed of cooling as a function of time; this is essential for the geometric calculation of the points of precipitation and transformation. The speed of cooling varies according to the latent heat of solidification emitted with the precipitation of each phase. For example, in the case of hypoeutectic iron, the first phase to“precipitate” is primary austenite, which emits latent heat and thus slows down cooling. When all the primary austenite has “precipitated”, cooling picks up speed again until the next precipitation (eutectic), when it slows downagain.
主要參數(shù)是:
The main parameters are:
T °Liquidus [TLiq] :與曲線上的個(gè)點(diǎn)重合,表示凝固開始的溫度。 該值隨碳當(dāng)量(CEQ )而變化,取決于下表所示的 鑄 鐵的類型(數(shù)值為近似值):
T° Liquidus [TLiq]: coincides with the first inflexion point on the curve and indicates the temperature at which solidification begins. This value varies with the Carbon Equivalent (CEQ) and depends on the type of iron produced as n in the table below (values are approximate):
GG20(HT200) | 1160 – 1180 |
GG25(HT250) | 1175 – 1210 |
GG30(HT300) | 1190 – 1230 |
GGG(球墨鑄鐵)
| 1140 – 1155
|
T °[TEStart] :當(dāng)共晶凝固開始時(shí),與TLiquidus 之后的一階導(dǎo)數(shù)的最小點(diǎn)一致。
T° [TEStart]: when eutectic solidification starts, coincides with the minimum point on the first derivative after
TLiquidus.
T °[TEMin] 最 低 共晶溫度:它與一階導(dǎo)數(shù)和零軸之間的交點(diǎn)重合。 該值與滲碳體的形成間接成比例,如下圖所示(值為近似 值):
T° [TEMin] minimum eutectic temperature: it coincides with the point of intersection between the first derivative and the zero axis. This value is indirectly proportional to the formation of Cementite, as n in the graph below(values are approximate):
Figure 5 – Relationship TEMin (y-axis) versus Cementite (x-axis)
圖5 - TEMin(y軸)與滲碳體(x軸)的關(guān)系
該參數(shù)高度依賴于 鑄 鐵的成核程度 以及孕育 。
This parameter is highly dependent upon the degree of nucleation of the iron and thus inoculation.
T °[TEMax] 最 高 共晶溫度:它是曲線 上的值。它與一階導(dǎo)數(shù)和零軸之間的第二交點(diǎn)重合。該值由凝固期間的相的 結(jié)晶 潛熱產(chǎn)生。它特別與石墨 析出 和膨脹有關(guān)。
T° [TEMax] maximum eutectic temperature: It is the maximum on the curve. It coincides with the second point of intersection between the first derivative and the zero axis. This value is generated by the latent heat of the phases during solidification. It is specifically linked to graphite precipitation and expansion.
T °Solidus [TSol] : 鑄 鐵凝固的溫度。它與一階導(dǎo)數(shù)的最小點(diǎn)重合。
T° Solidus [TSol]: temperature at which the iron has completely solidified. It coincides with the minimum point on the first derivative.
PD-GD 處理上述參數(shù)以獲得:
PD-GD processes the above parameters to obtain:
初生奧氏體[PrAust] :初生奧氏體的百分比。這在球墨鑄鐵中是不希望的,因?yàn)樗c宏觀收縮的形成成正比,特別是在小型鑄件中。
Primary Austenite [PrAust]: the percentage of primary austenite. This is undesirable in ductile iron as it is directly proportional to the formation of macro-shrinkage, especially in small castings.
初 生 石墨[PrGraph] :初生 石墨的百分比。這在球墨鑄鐵中是不希望的,因?yàn)樗拇嬖趯?dǎo)致形成大的結(jié)節(jié)和石墨浮選,特別是在大型鑄件中。
Primary Graphite [PrGraph]: the percentage of primary graphite. This is undesirable in ductile iron as its presence results in the formation of large nodules and graphite flotation, especially in large castings.
奧氏體的共晶 析出[CellAust] :該參數(shù)與共晶 析出 的效率有關(guān),以秒為單位測(cè)量。因此,高值是理想的,因?yàn)樗鼈儽WC鑄件沒有孔隙或微收縮。但是,超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值會(huì)帶來 產(chǎn)生 石墨 漂浮 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 理想的參數(shù)值 :
Eutectic precipitation of austenite [CellAust]: this parameter relates to the efficiency of eutectic precipitation,measured in seconds. High values are therefore ideal, as they guarantee castings with no porosity or microshrinkage.However, exceeding the maximum standard value carries the risk of creating the conditions for graphite flotation.Ideal values:
Grey Iron灰鑄鐵
|
40 – 65 seconds秒 |
Ductile Iron球墨鑄鐵
| 90 – 110 seconds秒
|
Recalescence [Rec] :( TeMax - TeMin )。 它涉及在石墨膨脹過程中 鑄 鐵 的膨脹。 理想 的參數(shù)值 是:
Recalescence [Rec]: (TeMax – TeMin). It relates to the dilation of the iron during graphite expansion. Ideal values are:
Grey Iron灰鑄鐵
|
<> |
Ductile Iron球墨鑄鐵
| <>
|
較高的值可能導(dǎo)致鑄造變形并因此形成 縮松 。
Higher values could result in casting deformation and the consequent formation of porosity.
[KCond] :是導(dǎo)數(shù)的角度,表示從半固態(tài)到固態(tài)的速度。 數(shù) 值越低, 基體中的收縮 越少。該參數(shù)對(duì)于找到精確的TSolidus [TSol] 點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要,該點(diǎn)與凝固完成時(shí)間一致。 理想的參數(shù)值是 :
[KCond]: is the angle of the derivative that indicates the speed of passing from the semi-solid to the solid state. The lower the value, the fewer shrinkage cavities in the matrix. This parameter is essential in order to find the exact TSolidus [TSol] point, which coincides with the completion of solidification. Ideal values are:
Grey Iron灰鑄鐵 |
<>
|
Higher values indicate the presence of porosity/shrinkage 高值表明出現(xiàn)縮松縮孔 |
Ductile Iron球墨 鑄鐵 |
25 – 45°
| Higher values indicate the risk of shrinkage, lower values indicate the formation of degenerated graphite forms(vermicular and/ or lamellar) 高值表明出現(xiàn)縮松縮孔,數(shù)值低表明 片狀或蠕墨石墨形成 |
缺陷
Defects
冷卻曲線及其一階導(dǎo)數(shù)不易讀取,但PD-GD 軟件 幫助鑄造工程師 解釋結(jié)果并在易于閱讀的彩色表盤上顯
示這些結(jié)果。彩色表盤有三個(gè)顏色區(qū)域。紅色刻度盤中的彩色值表示存在高缺陷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),黃色刻度盤中的彩色值表示存在中等缺陷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而綠色區(qū)域中的彩色值表示缺陷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低。
The cooling curve and its first derivative are not easy to read, but the PD-GD software helps foundry metallurgists by interpreting the results and displaying these on easy-to-read colored dial. The colored dials feature three color zones.The colored values in the red dials indicate a high risk of defects, those in the yellow dials indicate a medium risk of defects and those in the green zones indicate a low risk of defects.
當(dāng)然,初始軟件校準(zhǔn)是必要的,可以在安裝后的前幾天完成。
Initial software calibration is, of course, necessary and can be completed in the first few days after installation.
其他顏色的刻度盤表明 鑄 鐵 的各種 趨向 ,包括 石墨膨脹 、 石墨 漂浮、球化率、 縮 孔 和 縮松、 滲碳體形成 、反白口、 鐵碳圖中的實(shí)際位置 ,球墨鑄鐵 的有用信息,如 石墨球數(shù) , 球化率 和最終質(zhì)量指數(shù)。
The other colored dials indicate the tendency of the iron toward graphite expansion, graphite flotation, nodularity,shrinkage and porosity, cementite formation, inverse chill, actual position in the iron-carbon diagram, useful information for ductile irons such nodule counts, nodularity and final quality index.
只需幾個(gè)小時(shí)的使用后就可以確定改善區(qū)域。
Improvement areas can be identified after only a few hours of use.
在采集階段,當(dāng)工作站通過TCP / IP 技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程連接時(shí),可以實(shí)時(shí)查看 處理后的數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)果(FoundryIntranet ) 。 此機(jī)制用于提供交互式Web 界面,通過使用任何連 網(wǎng) 的設(shè)備 如個(gè)人電腦、智能電視、平板電腦和智能手機(jī) 遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控詳細(xì)信息。
During the acquisition phase, the processed data and results can be seen in real time when the working stations are remotely connected via TCP/IP technology (Foundry Intranet) This mechanism is used to provide interactive Web interfaces to monitor elaborations remotely by using any device connected to the networks as PCs, smart TVs, tablets and smartphones.
主界面
冶金工程師,可以簡(jiǎn)單通過設(shè)置菜單,配置數(shù)據(jù)驗(yàn)證范圍,如:凝固溫度,再輝溫度,石墨和奧氏體析出,還可以隨時(shí)修改,所有采集通道及詳細(xì)輸出參數(shù)在過程中,同步顯示到主屏幕上,還可以在主屏幕上,全屏顯示圖表,并自動(dòng)調(diào)整,所有樣品采集完成后,自動(dòng)保存到樣品數(shù)據(jù)庫中。
數(shù)據(jù)庫
鑄造工程師,可以訪問其中的高級(jí)分析設(shè)置菜單,如:高級(jí)搜索功能和圖表比較功能,還可以從高級(jí)選項(xiàng)欄中,選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來研究,還可以簡(jiǎn)單選擇多個(gè)樣品進(jìn)行比較,可以導(dǎo)出每天,每周,每月,每年的報(bào)表,打印或電子郵件發(fā)送。
合金設(shè)置
多條樣品比較
各項(xiàng)參數(shù)趨勢(shì)
技術(shù)參數(shù)
儀器規(guī)格 – 硬件元件
電腦 程序可以安裝在運(yùn)行 Window 或任何其它操作系統(tǒng)的個(gè)人電腦上(例如 MacintoshLinux),處理器至少要達(dá)到 i5標(biāo)準(zhǔn),有較高的屏幕分辨率。。
數(shù)據(jù)記錄儀 能夠在規(guī)定時(shí)段內(nèi)自主記錄溫度的便攜式溫度記錄裝置。
K 型熱電偶 用來測(cè)量溫度的 K 型熱電偶保護(hù)線(鎳鉻/鎳 - 鎳鋁)。樹脂砂杯 任何專門用于鑄鐵采集的樹脂砂杯。
杯架 簡(jiǎn)單的鐵質(zhì)支架,供鑄鐵采集用樹脂砂杯使用。
主要功能
關(guān)鍵溫度采集功能 采集鑄鐵凝固過程中達(dá)到的主要溫度數(shù)據(jù),以闡明化學(xué)參數(shù) 并提供機(jī)械和物理預(yù)測(cè)(請(qǐng)翻頁查看 PD-GD 的輸出參數(shù)表)。
模擬功能 過去采集的數(shù)據(jù)可以隨時(shí)得到回應(yīng)、可復(fù)制已存在的采集結(jié) 果,還可以更改與采集有關(guān)的關(guān)鍵特征并進(jìn)行模擬(對(duì)內(nèi)部 測(cè)試有幫助)。
高級(jí)功能 可以開展深入研究、可以用高度互動(dòng)式圖表比較多次采集的 結(jié)果,以分離感興趣的鑄造參數(shù)值和趨勢(shì),可以用見的 文件格式(例如 Excel)輸出采集的全部數(shù)據(jù),可以保存并 打印每一份采集報(bào)告,其中包括全部具體參數(shù)和相關(guān)驗(yàn)證范 圍。
無架構(gòu)限制 多次實(shí)時(shí)采集(安裝一個(gè)軟件可以設(shè)定任意數(shù)量的數(shù)據(jù)記錄 儀同時(shí)工作),無數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)限制(程序可以保存任意數(shù)量的 采集數(shù)據(jù))、可以通過內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)獲?。ㄨT造廠的任何地點(diǎn)都可 以實(shí)現(xiàn)采集和數(shù)據(jù)的實(shí)時(shí)可視化。)
測(cè)試項(xiàng)目及各參數(shù)說明
CEQ (%) 有關(guān)碳和硅含量的指標(biāo) 。 該指標(biāo)說明合金的流動(dòng)性 , 與初始凝固( (Tliq) ) 的溫度密切相關(guān) 。
C (%) 鑄鐵中碳所占的百分比。
Si (%) 鑄鐵中硅所占的百分比。鑄鐵類型:給定冷卻曲線特性的合金參數(shù)類型,說明鑄鐵是亞共晶、過共晶還是共晶。
TLiq (°C) 樣本凝固過程開始時(shí)的溫度。它代表顯示冷卻速度的溫度,是計(jì)算碳當(dāng)量(CEQ)的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。
TEStart (°C) 共晶鑄鐵開始結(jié)晶和石墨開始形成的溫度。此類溫度代表計(jì)算 Tliquidus溫度后一階導(dǎo)數(shù)的點(diǎn)。
TEMin (°C) 此類溫度代表冷卻曲線的點(diǎn)和結(jié)果為 0(零)的一階導(dǎo)數(shù)曲線。TEMin 值高表示鑄鐵形成碳化物的可能性低,產(chǎn)生收縮缺陷的可能性 因此也比較低。
TEMax (°C) 共晶溫度表示石墨形成后達(dá)到的溫度。TEMax取決于合金成分、成核以及個(gè)石墨析出的時(shí)間。最后,TEMax與凝固期間的 潛熱形成直接相關(guān)并因此與再輝(Rec)相關(guān)。
TSol (°C) TSol顯示凝固結(jié)束時(shí)的溫度,代表一階導(dǎo)數(shù)曲線上的點(diǎn)。TSol值大大低于亞穩(wěn)態(tài)溫度會(huì)增加在凝固的個(gè)階段形成初生碳化物 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Rec (°C) TEMax和 TEMin 之差形成再輝。這類指標(biāo)用來衡量共晶的生長,是凝固過程階段形成的初生石墨和初生奧氏體數(shù)量的函數(shù)。預(yù)測(cè)模 砂鑄件孔隙形成趨勢(shì)時(shí),再輝有很大的相關(guān)性。
KCond (Deg) 熱傳導(dǎo)系數(shù)。Kcond 參數(shù)還取決于珠光體的數(shù)量。這個(gè)參數(shù)和球墨鑄鐵以及片狀鑄鐵的收縮形成密切相關(guān)。Kcond 值高表示球墨鑄鐵的石 墨量和球化率高。
PrGraph (%) 如果是亞共晶鑄鐵,PrGraph 表示析出個(gè)初生石墨。PrGraph 值高表示球墨鑄鐵最終階段的石墨結(jié)數(shù)量可能會(huì)比較少。
PrAust (%) 如果是亞共晶鑄鐵,PrAust表示析出個(gè)初生奧氏體。PrAust值高表示最終模型可能會(huì)有收縮缺陷。
CellAust(Sec)說明凝固過程中形成的共晶相的量。這類參數(shù)與球墨鑄鐵中的石墨結(jié)數(shù)量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,與片狀鑄鐵中的鐵素體數(shù)量存在反相關(guān)關(guān)系。
ACR(Deg/Sec)樣本的平均冷卻速度。ACR是了解鑄鐵機(jī)械屬性的基本數(shù)據(jù)。
Oxf (%) 鑄鐵的氧化因數(shù),根據(jù)共晶凝固時(shí)間與總凝固時(shí)間之間的關(guān)系來確定,與最終模型的收縮形成密切相關(guān)。
TEDMin (°C) 共析溫度
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